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Tank-like physique, bristling with body armour and a collar of spikes the length of golf clubs, Spicomellus afer looks more like a Pokémon creation than a living creature. This bizarre dinosaur roamed the flood plains of what is now north Africa 165m years ago, palaeontologists have revealed. The fossil, the oldest known ankylosaur specimen, was unearthed near the central Moroccan …

[Submitted on 2 Jun 2025 (v1), last revised 27 Aug 2025 (this version, v3)] View a PDF of the paper titled General agents contain world models, by Jonathan Richens and 3 other authors View PDF Abstract:Are world models a necessary ingredient for flexible, goal-directed behaviour, or is model-free learning sufficient? We provide a formal answer to this question, showing that …